Heat, Harm, and Hope: Ghana’s Savanna Ecosystem Services in a Fiery Climate

Abstract

This study investigates the link between wildfires and ecosystem services within Ghana’s northern savanna through an integrative approach combining satellite data analysis, field surveys, and an extensive literature review. Analysis of MODIS data from 2000 to 2021 reveals an upward trend in both the frequency and intensity of wildfires, with notable peaks in 2011 (28,943 active fires) and 2002 (33,883.4 km² of burned area). Key factors influencing wildfire dynamics were identified as proximity to human settlements, topographical features, and maximum temperature. Field surveys highlighted species-specific responses, with Vitellaria paradoxa demonstrating significant fire resistance, in contrast to the vulnerability observed in Afzelia africana. The research further elucidates the cascading effects of wildfires on soil properties, water quality, and local climate regulation. The study emphasizes the need for integrated fire management techniques that prioritize prevention and mitigation above suppression. Addressing the wildfire issue requires sustainable land use practices, climate change adaptation, and regional collaboration.